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(Date: Sun, 04 Jan 2004 22:02:39 +0100)
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Ukraine was the center of the first Slavic state, Kievan Rus, which during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and most powerful state in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongol invasions, Kievan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The cultural and religious legacy of Kievan Rus laid the foundation for Ukrainian nationalism through subsequent centuries. A new Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the mid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles. Despite continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain autonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the 18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed by the Russian Empire. Following the collapse of tsarist Russia in 1917, Ukraine was able to bring about a short-lived period of independence (1917-1920), but was reconquered and forced to endure a brutal Soviet rule that engineered two artificial famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, German and Soviet armies were responsible for some 7 to 8 million more deaths. Although independence was achieved in 1991 with the dissolution of the USSR, true freedom remains elusive, as many of the former Soviet elite remain entrenched.
| Country name | : | Ukrayina (Ukraine) |
| Capital | : | Kyyiv (Kiev) |
| Administrative divisions | : | 1 autonomous republic: Avtonomna Respublika Krym (Simferopol') |
| 2 municipalities with oblast status: Kyyiv, Sevastopol. | ||
| 24 oblasti: Cherkas'ka (Cherkasy), Chernihivs'ka (Chernihiv), Chernivets'ka (Chernivtsi), Dnipropetrovs'ka (Dnipropetrovs'k), Donets'ka (Donets'k), Ivano-Frankivs'ka (Ivano-Frankivs'k), Kharkivs'ka (Kharkiv), Khersons'ka (Kherson), Khmel'nyts'ka (Khmel'nyts'kyy), Kirovohrads'ka (Kirovohrad), Kyyivs'ka (Kiev), Luhans'ka (Luhans'k), L'vivs'ka (L'viv), Mykolayivs'ka (Mykolayiv), Odes'ka (Odesa), Poltavs'ka (Poltava), Rivnens'ka (Rivne), Sums'ka (Sumy), Ternopil's'ka (Ternopil'), Vinnyts'ka (Vinnytsya), Volyns'ka (Luts'k), Zakarpats'ka (Uzhhorod), Zaporiz'ka (Zaporizhzhya), Zhytomyrs'ka (Zhytomyr). |
The military branches include the Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air Force, Air Defense Forces, Interior Troops and Border Troops.
Intelligence community:
The SBU was formed on September 20, 1991. By adopting the Law on Intelligence Agencies of Ukraine, the Ukrainian Parliament liquidated the Ukrainian KGB.
The structure of the SBU consists of the following elements:
The chief of the SBU is in charge of the SBU Headquarters, directing the operations and the work of the SBU as a whole. He is personally responsible for fulfillment of the tasks incumbent on the SBU.
The chief of the SBU is appointed by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (= the Ukrainian Parliament) upon recommendation by the President of Ukraine.
The GUR SBU is established within the HQ of the SBU and is responsible for internal security, counter-intelligence, combating international organised crime like terrorism, drugs trafficking and arms smuggling.
Information and analytical support of central and local Ukrainian authorities is one of the priority activities of the SBU. Assessments, proposals, and prognoses made by SBU analysts play a significant role in the information and analysis support system of state decision making. They also constitute the basis of an internal system for detecting and counteracting internal and external threats to national security.
The Department for National Economy Counter-intelligence Protection is designated to be the leading element within the SBU's system charged with the development of strategies and tactics for the protection of national economic interests, and detection and preclusion of economic crimes.
The GUR is the Ukrainian counterpart of the Russian GRU, the military intelligence organisation. The GUR was formed in 1992. It's chief is Alexandr Galaka.
The state border protection agencies of the Border Troops of Ukraine conduct counter intelligence operations in the zone along the border, the monitored border region, and at crossing points on the state border and in the territorial waters of Ukraine.
The NBR can be compared with the FBI. It's tasks are about the same.
The main legal basis of the NSDCU is Article 107 of the Ukrainian Constitution. The NSDCU was founded on 23 August, 1992 and acts according to the "Law on National Security and Defence Council of the Ukraine".
Article 24 of the 1991 Intelligence Law mentions the NSDCU and the role of the Ukrainian President.
"Control over the activities of intelligence agencies of Ukraine shall be exercised by the president of Ukraine within constitutional powers, including through the National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine headed by the president. Intelligence agencies of Ukraine shall report to the president of Ukraine on issues and under the procedure specified by the president of Ukraine."
Besides the President there are 15 other members of the NSDCU: the Chairman of Parliament, the Secretary of the NSDCU, the Prime Minister, the Ministers of Extreme Situations, Foreign Affairs, Defence, Finances, Internal affairs and Economy. Further the Head of Administration of the President, the Head of the State Border Control Committee, the President of Science Academy, the Head of the SBU and the Chief of the General Staff.
The main tasks of the NSDCU are:
The National Institute for Strategic Studies (NISS) was established in March 1992 as an academic entity first under the President of Ukraine, within the National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine.
NISS is a research institution with diverse and comprehensive programs of study. It undertakes fundamental and applied studies which cover the following areas: national security; international security and foreign policy; national defence policy; social strategies; political analyses and strategies; economic strategies; humanitarian policy; environmental security; informational security; regional developments. The basic task of NISS is to support through its activity policy- and decision-making processes.
The NISS works closely together with strategic partner NIURR.
The NIURR has 10 main departments:
You can find a comprehensive description of the activities of these departments on the NIURR website.
Since 1998 the Institute, jointly with the NISS, has been publishing the quarterly Strategic Panorama which is devoted to trends and tendencies in Ukraine's national and international security and to the strategies of its development.
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