Classical cryptology

Cryptanalysis of the Single Rotor Cipher Machine
by Donald A. Dawson
In the back of a book he had studied carefully, Statistical Methods in Cryptanalysis by Solomon Kullback (see listing below), Donald Dawson found a problem which had been generated by a single rotor cipher machine. This book grew out of his attempt (eventually successful) to solve that problem. Along the way he developed a general plan of attack using paper and pencil methods as well as several computer programs (source code listings in QBasic are included). For a review, see Cryptologia, Oct96.
Aegean Park Press (C-73), 1996, iv + 213 pp.
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Basic Cryptanalysis
by Walt Howe
This is US Army Field Manual FM 34-40-2. It was originally published by the US Government in 1990 (in a softbound edition) as a training manual for student cryptanalysts. Arguably the best currently available single volume introduction to the cryptanalysis of classical cipher and code systems, Basic Cryptanalysis is modern, thorough, and completely self-contained. Its 15 chapters are organized into six parts: Introduction to Cryptanalysis, Monographic Substitution Systems, Polygraphic Substitution Systems, Polyalphabetic Substitution Systems, Transposition Systems, and Analysis of Code Systems. Six appendices contain digraph, trigraph, and tetragraph frequency data as well as word and pattern tables, including partial word pattern tables. Also included is the computer source code listing, in BASIC, for a cryptanalysis support program. This hardbound edition, printed on high quality paper, is available only from Classical Crypto Books.
Classical Crypto Books, 1997, 370 pp.
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Selections from Cryptologia: History, People, and Technology
by Cipher A. Deavours, David Kahn, Louis Kruh,
Greg Mellen, and Brian J. Winkel (Editors)
Creme de la creme! Thirty five of the best articles published by Cryptologia between 1987 and 1996 were selected by the editors and organized thematically into two sections: History and Persona - Illumination from the Past, introduced by David Kahn, and Technology - Cryptographic Technology, introduced by Louis Kruh. This is the third Artech House collection of articles from Cryptologia, and the most recent.
Artech House, 1998, 540 pp.
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Machine Cryptography and Modern Cryptanalysis
by Cipher A. Deavours and Louis Kruh
Artech House, 1985.
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Cryptography: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
by Cipher A. Deavours, Louis Kruh, David Kahn, and Greg Mellen (Editors)
Artech House, 1987.
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Cryptology: Machines, History, and Methods
by Cipher A. Deavors, Louis Kruh,
David Kahn, and Greg Mellen (Editors)
Artech House, 1989.
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The Pleasures of Counting
by T. W. Korner
A wonderful book about mathematics for the general reader with a long section on Enigma.
For reviews, see Cryptologia, Jul97 and The Cryptogram,
SO97. Cambridge University Press, 1996, 544 pp.
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The Riverbank Publications
By William F. Friedman
William Frederick Friedman, described by historian David Kahn as the "greatest cryptologist", got his start at Riverbank Laboratories. Hired by George Fabyan, a wealthy textile merchant, to conduct research in genetics, he quickly developed an interest in the activities of Riverbank's Department of Ciphers, and a particular interest in one of its staff, Elizebeth Smith, the future Mrs. Friedman. Before long, Mr. Friedman became head of both departments. When World War I broke out, Riverbank hosted a series of cryptanalysis courses for Army officers. To provide instructional material for those courses, Friedman and several co-authors wrote a series of eight technical monographs, now known as the Riverbank Publications. One monograph, Publication 22, has been deemed by David Kahn to be "the most important single publication in cryptology". A slightly revised version of Publication 22 was published by the War Department and is available from CCB in a reprint edition as Aegean Park Press C-49: The Index of Coincidence and Its Applications in Cryptanalysis. The following three volumes contain replicas of the original Riverbank Publications. They were reprinted in 1997 after being unavailable for several years.

The Riverbank Publications, Volume 1.
Contains replicas of Publications: 15, A Method of Reconstructing the Primary Alphabet From a Single One of the Series of Secondary Alphabets; 16, Methods for the Solution of Running-Key Ciphers; 17, An Introduction to Methods for the Solution of Ciphers; and 18, Synoptic Tables for the Solution of Ciphers and A Bibliography of Cryptographic Literature.
Aegean Park Press (C-23), 1979, vi + 138 pp.
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The Riverbank Publications, Volume 2.
Contains replicas of Publications: 19, Formulae for the Solution of Geometrical Transposition Ciphers; 20, Several Machine Ciphers and Methods for their Solution; and 21, Methods for the Reconstruction of Primary Alphabets.
Aegean Park Press (C-24), 1979, vi + 126 pp.
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The Riverbank Publications, Volume 3.
Contains a replica of Publication Number 22, The Index of Coincidence and Its Applications in Cryptography. See the introductory section above for additional information about this Publication.
Aegean Park Press (C-25), 1979, iv + 87 pp.
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Classical Cryptography Course
by Randall K. Nichols (LANAKI)
Randy Nichols, a past president of the American Cryptogram Association, recently taught an enormously successful Internet course on classical cryptology to about 400 students worldwide. Drawing on 32 years of experience, he culled the best materials from hundreds of international references. The following two books contain the course materials.

Classical Cryptography Course, Volume 1
Volume 1, which contains material from the first 10 lectures, covers such diverse topics as Aristocrats (simple substitution with word divisions retained, Patristocrats (Aristocrats without word divisions), Xenocrypts (ciphers in languages other than English), transposition ciphers, Military Ciphers, cryptarithms, Polyalphabetics, Cipher Machines such as the ENIGMA and special ciphers used in history, as well as their modern day equivalents. A 24-page bibliography is included.
For a review, see Cryptologia, Oct96.
Aegean Park Press (C-74), 1996, xii + 301 pp.
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Classical Cryptography Course, Volume 2
Aegean Park Press (C-76), 1997, xiv + 449 pp.
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Cryptanalysis of the Double Transposition Cipher
by Wayne G. Barker
Aegean Park Press (C-69), 1995, vi + 157 pp.
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Pattern Word Set - Pattern words are words which contain repeated letters and a pattern word list is an essential tool kit for every cryptanalyst. The following four books provide such a list for English.

Pattern Words: 3 to 8 Letters
by Shelia A. Carlisle
Aegean Park Press (C-46), 1986, vi + 134 pp.
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Pattern Words: 9 Letters in Length
by Shelia A. Carlisle
Aegean Park Press (C-48), 1986, iv + 164 pp.
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Pattern Words: 10 and 11 Letters
by Robert W. Wallace
Aegean Park Press (C-62), 1993, ii + 126 pp.
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Pattern Words: 12 Letters and Greater in Length
by Robert W. Wallace
Aegean Park Press (C-63), 1993, ii + 165 pp.
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Solving Cipher Problems
by Frank Lewis (R. MASTERTON)
Frank Lewis retired in 1969 as a senior professional cryptanalyst after 30 years with the National Security Agency and its predecessor organizations. Although originally hired by William F. Friedman, he spent most of his career working for, and closely with Solomon Kullback. Mr. Lewis may be the only person ever to receive two medals for Exceptional Civilian Service as a Cryptanalyst, one from the War Department, the other from the NSA. But cryptanalysis is only one many fields he has mastered. Another is the solution and construction of challenging cryptic crossword puzzles. Since 1947 his puzzles have appeared weekly in The Nation magazine. In this volume he uses his considerable pedagogical skills to help the reader master the solution of a variety of classical crypto systems.
For a review, see Cryptologia, Jul92.
Aegean Park Press (C-58), 1992, vi + 253 pp.
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Cryptanalysis of the Single Columnar Transposition Cipher (Revised Edition)
by Wayne G. Barker
Aegean Park Press (C-59), 1992, xii + 146 pp.
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Military Cryptanalysis Set - The following set of four books discuss the solution of a large number of classical cryptographic systems. These books were originally published by the US Government in the 1930's and 1940's as classified textbooks. They were meant to be studied after Elementary Military Cryptography and Advanced Military Cryptography (APP C-7 and C-8, listed below). They are predecessors of the Military Cryptanalytics set (listed below).

Military Cryptanalysis, Part I: Monoalphabetic Substitution Systems
by William F. Friedman
Part I contents are as follows:

• Introductory Remarks,
• Fundamental Principles,
• Frequency Distributions,
• Fundamental uses of the Uniliteral Frequency Distribution,
• Uniliteral Substitution with Standard Cipher Alphabets,
• Uniliteral Substitution with Mixed Cipher Alphabets,
• Multiliteral Substitution with Single-Equivalent Cipher Alphabets,
• Multiliteral Substitution with Multiple-Equivalent Cipher Alphabets,
• Polygraphic Substitution Systems,
• Concluding Remarks, Appendix, Index, Analytical Key for Cryptanalysts, Problems.

Aegean Park Press (C-30), 1980, vi + 149 pp.
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Military Cryptanalysis, Part II: Simpler Varieties of Polygraphic Substitution Systems
by William F. Friedman
Part II contents are as follows:

• Introductory Remarks,
• Cipher Alphabets for Polyalphabetic Substitution,
• Theory of Solution of Repeating-Key Systems,
• Repeating-Key Systems With Standard Cipher Alphabets,
• Repeating-Key Systems with Mixed Cipher Alphabets I,
• Repeating-Key Systems with Mixed Cipher Alphabets II,
• Theory of Indirect Symmetry of Position in Secondary Alphabets,
• Application of Principles of Indirect Symmetry,
• Repeating-Key Systems with Mixed Cipher Alphabets III,
• Repeating-Key Systems with Mixed Cipher Alphabets IV, Appendix 1, Appendix 2, Appendix 3, Index, Problems, Computer Programs.

Aegean Park Press (C-40), 1984, vi + 158 pp.
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Military Cryptanalysis, Part III: Simpler Varieties of Aperiodic Substitution Systems
by William F. Friedman
Part III contents are as follows:

• Introductory,
• Solution of Systems Using Constant Length Keying Units to Encipher Variable Length Plain-Text Groupings, I-III,
• Solution of Systems Using Constant Length Keying Units to Encipher Constant Length Plain-Text Groupings
• Review of Auto-Key Systems,
• Solution of Cipher-Text Auto-Key Systems,
• Solution of Plain Text Auto-Key Systems,
• Methods of Lengthening or Extending the Key,
• General Principles Underlying Solution of Systems Employing Long or Continuous Keys,
• The "Coincidence" or "k test",
• The "Cross-Product Sum" or "c Test",
• Applying the Cross-Product Sum" or c Test,
• The Monoalphabeticity or "F Test",
• Concluding Remarks, Appendix 1: Additional Notes on Methods for Solving Plain-Text, Auto Keyed Ciphers, Index, Analytical Key for Part III.

Aegean Park Press (C-60), 1992, iv + 119 pp.
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Military Cryptanalysis, Part IV: Transposition and Fractionating Systems
by William F. Friedman
Part IV contents are as follows:

• General,
• Solution of Simple Transposition Ciphers,
• Incompletely-Filled Rectangles,
• Opportunities Afforded by Studying Errors and Blunders Made by Enemy Cryptographers,
• Special Solutions for Transposition Ciphers,
• Principles of Matrix Reconstruction,
• Solution of Grilles,
• Combined Substitution-Transposition Systems,
• Solution of ADFGVX System,
• Solution of Bifid Fractionating Systems,
• Analytical Key, Index.

Aegean Park Press (C-61), 1992, vi+ 189 pp.
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The Index of Coincidence and its Applications in Cryptanalysis
by William F. Friedman
Aegean Park Press (C-49), 1987, iv + 95 pp.
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Military Cryptanalytics Set-The following set of four books discuss the solution of a large number of classical cryptographic systems, from an advanced point of view. These books were originally published as classified textbooks by the US Government in 1956 (part 1) and 1959 (part 2). Note that the two volumes of each part constitute a single textbook.

Military Cryptanalytics, Part I, Volume 1
by William F. Friedman and Lambros D. Callimahos
Volume 1 contains the text of Part I in eleven chapters:

• Introductory Remarks,
• Basic Cryptologic Considerations,
• Fundamental Cryptanalytic Operations,
• Frequency Distributions and their Fundamental Uses,
• Uniliteral Substitution with Standard Cipher Alphabets,
• Uniliteral Substitution with Mixed Cipher Alphabets,
• Multiliteral Substitution with Single Equivalent Cipher Alphabets,
• Multiliteral Substitution with Variants,
• Polygraphic Substitution Systems,
• Cryptosystems Employing Irregular-Length Ciphertext Units, and
• Miscellaneous Monoalphabetic Systems; Concluding Remarks.

Aegean Park Press (C-42), 1985, viii + 227 pp.
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Military Cryptanalytics, Part I, Volume 2
by William F. Friedman and Lambros D. Callimahos
Volume 2 contains nine appendices for Part I, as well as an index and an added set of computer programs in the BASIC language. The appendices are:

• Glossary for Military Cryptanalytics, Part I,
• Letter Frequency Data - English,
• Word and Pattern Lists - English,
• Service Terminology and Stereotypes,
• Letter Frequency Data - Foreign Languages,
• Classification Guide to Concealment Systems,
• Communication Intelligence Operations,
• Principles of Cryptosecurity, and
• Problems,

Aegean Park Press (C-43), 1985, iv + 238 pp.
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Military Cryptanalytics, Part II, Volume 1
by Lambros D. Callimahos and William F. Friedman
Volume 1 contains the text of Part II in 14 chapters:

• Introductory Remarks,
• Theory of Repeating-Key Systems,
• Theory of Solution of Repeating-Key Systems,
• Repeating-Key Systems With Standard Cipher Alphabets,
• Repeating-Key Systems with Mixed Alphabets I: Direct Symmetry of Position,
• Repeating-Key Systems with Mixed Alphabets II: Indirect Symmetry of Position,
• Application of Principles of Indirect Symmetry of Position,
• Special Solutions for Periodic Ciphers,
• Progressive Alphabet Systems,
• Repeating-Key Systems with Unrelated Alphabets,
• Polyalphabetic Bipartite Systems,
• Monome-Dinome Systems with Cyclic Additives,
• Periodic Digraphic Systems, and
• Concluding Remarks.

Aegean Park Press (C-44), 1985, ix + 318 pp.
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Military Cryptanalytics, Part II, Volume 2
by Lambros D. Callimahos and William F. Friedman
Volume 2 contains nine appendices for Part II, as well as an index and an added set of computer programs in the BASIC language. The appendices are:

• Glossary for Military Cryptanalytics, Part II,
• Summary of Basic Formulas and Useful Tables,
• List of Words Containing Like Letters Repeated at Various Intervals,
• Applications of Electrical Tabulating Equipment in Cryptanalysis,
• An Introduction to the Solution of Transposition Ciphers,
• Cryptographic Supplement [on various cipher devices and machines],
• Introduction to Traffic Analysis,
• The Zendian Problem: An Exercise in Communications Intelligence Operations, and
• Problems.

Aegean Park Press (C-45), 1985, iv + 340 pp.
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Elementary Course in Probability for the Cryptanalyst (Revised Edition)
by A. M. Gleason, W F. Penney, and R. E. Wyllys
Aegean Park Press (C-41), 1985, vi + 166 pp.
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Cryptograms and Spygrams
by Norma Gleason (FLORDELIS)
A Games columnist describes the use and cryptanalysis of a sequence of important classical crypto systems. Starting with the Caesar cipher, this slim volume moves rapidly through simple substitution (with and without word divisions), null, Baconian, ADFGX, and transposition cipher systems (columnar, Nihilist, and route). Exercises with answers are provided. The Appendix includes lists of common pattern and non-pattern words, hints for cryptogram solvers, a brief introduction to several other cipher systems, and suggestions for developing your interest and talent in classical cryptanalysis. This is an excellent first book on cryptanalysis.
Dover Publications, 1981, 112 pp.
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Treatise on Cryptography
by Andre Lang and S. A. Soudart
Aegean Park Press (C-36), 1981, xvii + 168 pp.
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Cryptanalysis of an Enciphered Code Problem - Where an "Additive" Method of Encipherment Has Been Used
by Wayne G. Barker
Aegean Park Press (C-26), 1979, viii + 174 pp.
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Course in Cryptography
by General Marcel Givierge
Aegean Park Press (C-19), 1978, viii + 164 pp.
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Solving German Codes in WW I
by William F. Friedman
Aegean Park Press (C-11), 1977, ix + 152 pp.
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Manual of Cryptography
by General Luigi Sacco
Aegean Park Press (C-14), 1977, x + 193 pp.
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Cryptanalysis of the Hagelin Cryptograph
by Wayne G. Barker
Aegean Park Press (C-17), 1977, xii + 223 pp.
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Manual for the Solution of Military Ciphers
by Parker Hitt
Aegean Park Press (C-1), 1976, vii + 112 pp.
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Elements of Cryptanalysis
by William F. Friedman
Aegean Park Press (C-3), 1976, 172 pp.
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Statistical Methods in Cryptanalysis
by Solomon Kullback
Aegean Park Press (C-4), 1976, 206 pp.
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Cryptography and Cryptanalysis Articles, Volume 1
by William F. Friedman (Ed)
Aegean Park Press (C-5), 1976, v + 146 pp.
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Cryptography and Cryptanalysis Articles, Volume 2
by William F. Friedman (Ed)
Aegean Park Press (C-6), 1976, v + 174 pp.
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Elementary Military Cryptography
by William F. Friedman
Aegean Park Press (C-7), 1976, iv + 86 pp.
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Advanced Military Cryptography
by William F. Friedman
This book is a reprint of US War Department Technical Manual TM11-485, dated 8 June 1944. It contains 16 chapters organized in six sections: Introduction, Transposition Systems, Substitution Systems, Repetitive and Combined Systems, Cryptographs and Cipher Machines, and Code Systems. Two editions are available from different publishers. The text in both is identical; only the format varies. The BP edition is a close replica of the original, retaining the cover and front matter, while the APP edition substitutes a new cover and title page and drops the authorization and distribution page. The other notable difference is the size. The APP edition is 8 1/2 x 10 1/2 inches while the BP edition is 6 x 9 inches.
Aegean Park Press (C-8), 1976, iii + 113 pp. and Buckmaster Publishing, iii + 113 pp.
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Cryptanalysis of the Simple Substitution Cipher with Word Divisions
by Wayne G. Barker
Aegean Park Press (C-2), 1975, vi + 126 pp.
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Elementary Cryptanalysis
by Abraham Sinkov
For a review, see Cryptologia, Jan84.
Mathematical Association of America, 1966, x + 222 pp.
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Cryptanalysis
by Helen F. Gaines (PICCOLA)
Thorough, systematic introduction to the cryptanalysis of a large number of classical systems. This book is the "bible" of the American Cryptogram Association. If you have a serious interest the cryptanalysis of classical cryptograms, you must read this book.
Dover Publications, 1956, 237 pp.
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Cryptography: The Science of Secret Writing
by Laurence D. Smith
Originally published in 1943, in the midst of World War II, this volume sought to introduce the public to the history and practice of cryptology. Included are sections on transposition and substitution ciphers, codes, and cryptanalysis. Practice problems and solutions are provided. The appendices include information about enciphering Japanese and about the Baconian biliteral cipher. They also provide frequency data for English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish.
Dover Publications, 1955, 164pp.
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Elementary Cryptography and Cryptanalysis
by Donald D. Millikin
Aegean Park Press (C-56), 1943, viii + 132 pp.
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A Course in Cryptanalysis (S. I. Course), Volume I
by the British War Office
Aegean Park Press (C-33), 1942, ii + 72 pp.
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A Course in Cryptanalysis (S. I. Course), Volume II
by the British War Office
Aegean Park Press (C-34), 1942, ii + 69 pp.
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Secret and Urgent, The Story of Codes and Ciphers
by Fletcher Pratt
Aegean Park Press (C-72), 1939, 282 pp.
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The Voynich Manuscript
by M. E. D'Imperio
Aegean Park Press (C-27), x + 140 pp.
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